Federal Proposal: Arizona, California, Nevada to Share Colorado River Water Cuts
The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation has proposed requiring Arizona, California and Nevada to share Colorado River water cuts through 2036 as part of a federal effort to manage drought conditions in the beleaguered waterway.
What Happened
The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation announced a federal proposal on Friday that would require three western states — Arizona, California, and Nevada — to take less water from the Colorado River to stave off a crisis in the beleaguered waterway (AP News). The proposal was released by Interior Secretary Doug Burgum's department.
Under the plan, the Lower Basin states of Arizona, California and Nevada could together be forced to reduce their use by up to 3 million acre-feet (130 billion cubic feet) annually through 2036 — about the amount that Arizona and Nevada receive and enough to serve more than 25 million people a year. The actual reductions would be determined every two years based on conditions throughout the basin.
Interior Secretary Doug Burgum stated: "The Department has a responsibility to ensure the Colorado River system remains reliable and resilient for the millions of Americans, communities and industries that depend on it."
The proposal spares four other states from facing mandatory cuts for now. It is meant to be flexible, allowing deeper cuts in drier times while giving the states more time to collectively agree on how to manage the dwindling resource that flows through dams to produce hydropower.
Why It Matters
More than 40 million people in seven U.S. states, several tribal nations and Mexico rely on the flows of the 1,450-mile (2,334-kilometer) Colorado River. Decades of overuse, along with rising temperatures, drought and climate change, mean it no longer provides what was promised in 1922.
The river's health is often determined by how much water is in Lake Mead and Lake Powell, the two largest human-made reservoirs in the U.S. Together, the reservoirs are at their lowest point since they began filling, according to a recent paper by Colorado River experts, and approaching levels where they could no longer produce hydropower.
Because the states didn't reach an agreement on water allocation, the federal government stepped in with its own proposal to buoy the river. The proposal comes after years of deadlocked negotiations among the states and threats of lawsuits if a proposal didn't comply with longstanding laws and guidelines that govern the river, some of which expire at the end of 2026. A record-dry winter also left two key Colorado River reservoirs at a combined record low.
Under the proposal, California, Nevada and Arizona would divide half the cuts based on a plan they already developed. Beyond that, priority water rights come into play. The priority system generally benefits California users over those in the other states.
Arizona and Nevada have faced mandatory reductions before, but the proposal outlines deeper cuts that could impact agriculture, cities and tribes. It could translate into higher water prices, more reliance on groundwater and leaving fields unplanted, experts say.
What to Watch
Leaders in Arizona, which has the lowest priority rights in the Lower Basin, called the federal proposal flawed. Those in California said it's an important milestone but not the finish line. Nevada officials called the proposed reductions unrealistic and devastating.
The Lower Basin states have been united in wanting all seven states to share in specific, measurable cuts. The Upper Basin states of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah and Wyoming, meanwhile, repeatedly pushed back, saying mandatory cuts to their water use would be illegal under the existing compact for the Colorado River. While the federal proposal mandates cuts in the Lower Basin, the Upper Basin states can proceed with voluntary water cuts primarily among agricultural users.
The four Upper Basin state governors gave the document a favorable initial assessment but said they were still reviewing it: "We are encouraged that new operating guidelines will better reflect existing water supply which must underpin any practicable plan going forward," the governors said in a joint statement.
Federal officials are expected to finalize the proposal in the coming days. The Arizona Department of Water Resources said the proposed cuts devastate its water users and economy. The Central Arizona Project, which manages much of the state's allocation used primarily in metro Phoenix and Tucson, said the proposal doesn't accurately portray Arizona's rights.
By the numbers
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